partner: implies an associate in business or one of two associates, as in some games, a dance, or  marriage: now, all change ~s.


copartner: may add little to partner, or it may distinctively imply a fellow partner: the actions of one partner may commit his or her ~s.       （fellow一般指处境相同或有共同点的伙伴，特别是共同责任，如my fellow Chinese(Americans)我的中国(美国)同胞, fellow club member俱乐部会员, CAS fellow中科院院士， fellow guests共同作客的客人，口语中经常用，表示老兄小伙等，如he's a nice old fellow他这位老兄人不错，如by all accounts, Rodger would appear to be a fine fellow人人都说罗杰是个好小伙）


colleague: applies usually to an associate in office or in professional or academic relations: presented a lecture to his ~s.


ally: suggests an often temporary association in a common cause: agreed to act as ~ies for the duration of the conflict.


confederate: often suggests a closer or more permanent union for strength and solidarity: joined his ~s in a toast to the new undertaking.     toast祝酒干杯  （solidarity联合团结，目的是凝聚力量a unity for strength or influence as one，如a ethnic minority with a strong sense of solidarity一个团结意识很强的少数族裔）


partner伙伴: 表示同伴如生意伙伴，或婚姻游戏舞蹈中两人中的一人，copartner合伙人: 有时和partner相同，或者特指承担共同责任的伙伴(等于fellow partner)，colleague同事: 指工作职业学术上的同伴，ally盟友 /'ælaɪ/: 常表示临时为了共同目标事业的伙伴，confederate同盟: 更紧密长期、团结有力


记忆方法: 1）首字母PCCAC: 想成A CPC Comrade党员同志<==好伙伴


         2）伙伴的意思是同伴mean an associate.           （associate同伴的基本意思是在一起fact of being together,如opera is popularly associated with high society通常将歌剧和上层社会联系在一起，另外从本义还引申出副准非正式的意思，如an associate professor/director/editor/member副教授导演主编、准会员）